JoWUA

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of various wireless devices equipped with different types of sensors designed to collect environmental information. In agriculture, WSNs are extensively applied to enhance productivity and minimize losses through multiple approaches. Greenhouses, for example, simplify crop cultivation and provide significant benefits to farming. Soil pH sensors and gas sensors are important sensors for many applications in the Integrated Agriculture Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which ultimately lead to optimal agricultural management in agricultural settings. One of the toughest challenges in WSNs occurs when network traffic exceeds the capacity threshold of a single or multiple communication channels; hence, this necessitates a focus on congestion control. In this situation, further methods may be required to prevent, detect, and alleviate congestion. In some cases, this means developing methods while also considering existing resource constraints of WSNs. Recently, many studies have proposed various approaches to congestion control, which have included both congestion control-specific protocols and new routing protocols that support congestion control functions. In the current scenario, the Penman–Monteith equation is suitable for addressing important issues such as congestion management. The homogeneous connection methods distribute a connection among multiple sources even when more than two reference parameters are used (e.g., humidity and evapotranspiration) to varying levels. The results show that, even with the same source values, similar findings were obtained. This indicates that there is the potential for fairness in the findings with the use of the proposed model with multiple sources or reference parameters. This effect also results in more latency and greater throughput in the best scenario, considering these systems.