JoWUA

Abstract

Roadside Units (RSUs) are very important for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) because they let infrastructure and vehicles communicate each other, which makes sure that intelligent transportation systems can always send and receive data. However, RSU deployment is rare in rural areas and along highways because they are expensive and the infrastructure is often not good enough, which leads to communication outages. This research examines how the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol can be modified to enhance VANET connectivity in low-density RSU networks to address the issues. This paper examines the drawbacks of a classical RSU-based communications and how the on-demand routing system of DSR will be capable of overcoming the inefficiencies of connectivity by establishing a hop-by-hop V2V and V2I communications connection dynamically. Our simulation-based studies explore the quality of DSR in virtual cases of sparse use of RSU with references to the indicators of the packet delivery ratio, network throughput, end-to-end delay, and stability of routes. We are also blessed with a superior DSR model where satellite-assisted downlink communications are employed to correct connection issues, which occasionally occur. The results obtained demonstrate that DSR-based routing significantly improves communication reliability in sparse RSU conditions by employing adaptive path selection and multi-hop relaying. However, problems like excessive route discovery delay and packet overhead remain significant concerns. We investigate potential improvements like edge-assisted computation and hybrid routing strategies to further increase VANET efficiency in rural and highway settings. By providing insights on improving VANET connectivity in low-RSU settings, this study paves the way for more dependable and scalable vehicular communication networks.