JoWUA

Abstract

Mobile hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized, wireless networks with no fixed infrastructure, constantly changing layouts, and limited power resources. Because energy usage directly relates to the lifespan and efficiency of a network, crafting protocols that minimize energy expenditure becomes an imperative area of focus. This study analyzes fuel-efficient routing algorithms specific to MANET frameworks, focusing on measures of data transmission energy minimization, balanced load sharing among nodes, and extended network lifespan. The study also examines proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing simultaneously, evaluating them on energy consumption, route stability, packet delivery ratio, and control overhead. Additionally, adaptive swarm intelligence and fuzzy logic optimization techniques are incorporated to enhance the rerouting process. Results showed greater benefits from the targeted algorithms when mobility is high and connectivity is sparse, compared to traditional protocols. The results support the use of robust design algorithms that focus on sustainable strategies within the mobile ad-hoc network response framework, making them suitable for disaster relief efforts as well as military communications.